巴拿马运河(PANAM  CANAL)是世界上最著名的三大运河之一,是太平洋航线到墨西哥湾及美国东海岸必经之路。从中国、韩国到美国根据季节的不同通常有北、南两条航线选择:

1.经过津轻海峡,太平洋最北端大圆航线

2.经过大隅海峡,太平洋中部大圆混合航线。

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我轮从船厂接新船出来,在中国和韩国装满货后已经是12月初了。冬季太平洋北部风浪大,航线选择从韩国釜山BOSAN过KOREA朝鲜海峡、日本九州岛南部的大隅海峡OSUMIKAIKYO,航路根据气象预报不断调整后经过关岛Hawai南部(关岛EEZ专属经济区外及关岛西南部一个淹没的小岛Johnsten  Atoll  EEZ专属经济区外之间的狭长航路,为了不换0.1%的低硫油),然后到巴拿马运河南口

由于一路上遭遇到多个大型高、低气压,被风浪肆虐的船舶在海上左右摇晃,船员没有睡过几天安稳觉。经历了航程大约30天,终于在1月初抵达了巴拿马南口,并在Flamencosingle  station的指示下在Isla  Taboguilla小岛西边抛下锚(锚位为IsIa  Flamenco single  station南偏西6.0海里)。在锚地排队等待了4天多后就安排我轮过运河了。从南口的进口浮筒到北口的防波提,通过整个巴拿马运河(包括通过几个船闸),仅花了半天多时间。

本船作为新建造船,此次是第一次过运河。由于船公司的重视及船上准备充分,全程较顺利。我认为这次过巴拿马运河经历有许多值得总结的地方,于是我把过程记录下来,可为后来人提供有价值的参考。

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抵港前的准备工作:

PCSOPEP (船上的巴拿马运河油污应急计划,由公司递交)

 © Gallagher Marine Systems,2015巴拿马油污应急计划(96小时递交)

itis important to keep in mind the PCSOPEP (PanamaCanal Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan),this needs to be confirmed that it is valid and has been submitted toPanama Canal Authoritiespcsopep@pancanal.com

○PCSOPEP 抵港前检查表及通知演习PRE-ARRIVALCHECKLIST and NOTIFCATION EXERCISE

1)抵港前检查表PRE-ARRIVALCHECKLIST,涉及过运河的各项防污染的确认。

 2)通知演习NotificationExercises: 电话通知应急计划里的授权人员(一年两次通知)

Thenotification exercises should be made between the vessel and theAuthorized Person (AP). Please refer to Item 2 on page 2-2 of thisplan for the AP’s contact information. Perform at least twiceper calendar year (more frequently, if required to comply withCompany’s ISM Code documentation) even if vessel is not activelytransiting the canal.

填写好PCSOPEPAP-QI notification-船舶应急演习和训练评价及记录Shipboard

Minuteand Evaluation of Contingency and Emergency Exercise & Drill

巴拿马代理的抵港前PRE ARIVAL各个表格的填写及资料的准备

PREARIVAL FORMS抵港前表格,相当于抵港前信息的汇总。

ShipsInformation And Quarantine Declaration (SIQD) – Form 4398(REV-2016)

○船舶过运河信息及检疫声明,这个很重要,巴拿马检察官Inspector抵港后会上船检查SIQD及BLINDDISTANCE DECLARATION FORM 1746  (REV 2020),并以此把各项信息输入电脑系统后签发检查证明。

documentationwhich shall be presented to Panama Canal Boarding Officer during themandatory arrival inspection.

Crew List

SIQD Form (4398)

Blind Distance Form (1746)

BDN or fuel analysis report

MANOUVERING FUEL  (updated / 2021) 过巴拿马运河操纵用燃油(用含硫量不超过0.1%的低硫轻油或者达到相关标准含硫量不超过0.5%的低硫重油)

newFuel declaration form 新燃油声明表(在PREARIVAL FORMS抵港前表格内)mustbe submitted into Panama Canal System (VUMPA) atleast 140hrs prior yourarrival.(抵港前140小时内递交)

http://www.pancanal.com/common/maritime/advisories/2020/ADV-22-2020.pdf

Except as specified below, vessels arriving at Panama Canal (ACP) waters shall switch their main propulsion engines, boilers, auxiliary generator engines, and other ancillary equipment from residual fuels to marine distillate fuels. Changeover must be completed according to the following:

Northboundvessels, at least three nautical miles from the Sea Buoy at thePacific Entrance.

 北上过巴拿马运河船舶至少抵达进口浮筒3海里外换好油。

Vessels shall record the fuel changeover in their Engine Room Logbook and/or Fuel Oil Changeover Record Book.

“ACP 48hrs pre-arrival format”. This form shall be sent directly from the vessel to the Canal Authorities to the e-mail address :eta@pancanal.com with local agent email address 48hrs prior arrival time as part ofregulations.

抵港前PRE ARIVAL和信号台"Flamenco Signal Station"联系锚位及过运河指示

Kindly contact to "Flamenco Signal Station" onchannel 12 (VHF range) when approaching Balboa (8 NM) from the seaBuoy, they will give you the anchorageposition or transit instructions.

a. At least two hours prior to the "pilot boarding time"assigned by Maritime Traffic Control Unit, the master shall notifythe Cristobal(北口)orFlamenco Signal Station(南口)thatall equipment has been tested and is in operational condition and thevessel is ready to proceed.(ACPNavigation Regulations.)

b. Prior to commencing the transit, the master shall confirm to thepilot that all equipment has been tested and is in operationalcondition and the vessel is ready to proceed. (ACPNavigation Regulations.)

(详细见“关于设备测试的通函OPNOTICE TO SHIPPING No.N-10-2021-Operational Equipment Test)

抵港前代理及当局需要的文件和图纸、手册

Hereunderare drawings and manuals also required for the tonnage assessment(PDF or AutoCAD file only – If unable, please have hard copiesready and available to be delivered to theinspector).

首次过运河时吨位评估用图纸及手册

1. General Arrangement Plan (one continues whole plan and not insections)

2. Capacity Plan

3. Mid-Ship Section Plan

4. Funnel Plan

5. Lines Plan

6. Shell Expansion Plan

7. Docking Plan

8. Rim and Stability Booklet (information regarding summer loadedfigures for: draft, displacement, deadweight, tons of immersion)

9. Container Loading Plan (full container vessels only)

10.Cargo Securing Manual (all pages regarding container informationabove and below deck, all combinations) (full container vessels only)

AdditionDOCS.PANAMA额外的文件

1.  IAPP the Air Pollution Prevention Certificate

2.  ARR. OF MOORING EQUIPMENT(FORE)

3.  ARR. OF MOORING EQUIPMENT(POOP DECK)

4.  INCLINING TEST REPORT

5.  FINAL LOADING MANUAL I – TYPIC

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巴拿马运河相关航行规则和航运、疫情通告的遵守

主要巴拿马运河规则有N12-2021 PCSOPEP requirements、N01-2022 Vessel requirements和巴拿马CP-NOA-22-035462等

you will find the annual Panama Canal Notice to Shipping No.10th withcontains all necessary information which serves as guidance to checkone by one all details, omittance of which might cause delays.

Onthis point it is important to mention vessels are required to have ondeck six manila or synthetic mooring lines forward and six aft ingood conditions prior to commencing transit. The size and strengthsuitable for the vessel to dock, moor at a lock approach wall orsecure in a lock chamber and are the vessel's responsibility. Ifonboard there are ropes of a length of 150 or more meters with 1.5meyes at each end, 3 of these will count as the required 6 lengthsrequired.

Wireropes and ropes composed of both wire and fiber or filaments, are notacceptable for Canal operations and shall not be used.

在船闸内临时系泊用缆绳的要求(实际上前后各4根正常系泊缆就足够了)

Priorarrival please have boarding facilities ready, bridge wing pilotshelters rigged and mooring lines (6 FWD & 6 AFT) on deck readyfor inspection.

对驾驶台两翼巴拿马引水防雨防晒棚和在船闸内临时系泊用缆绳的提前准备。

For your information, as per ACPnavigation Regulation,all vessels in Canal waters shall furnish meals at their own expenseto the pilots and transit advisors assigned to their transit who areon board during regular mealtimes. Vessels shall also provide mealsto pilots transiting the vessel from 2200 hours to 0400 hours.

根据巴拿马运河当局的规定,尽管有防疫要求,但必须给引水提供伙食、引水必须从船舶内梯道Insidestair of accommodation上驾驶台。如果不执行,会耽误过运河!

根据船舶总船长,要求最小的穿运河海水吃水标准。可以推算出,对于我轮38k过巴拿马时,最小首吃水要达到6.71m,最小尾吃水达到7.32m。

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主要巴拿马运河当局发布的疫情通函

Additionalmeasures and Importantnotes related to Present pandemic COVID-19

Pleaserefer to attached Advisory to Shipping # A-12-2020 –Transit of Vessels with Positive or Suspected Cases of COVID-

Updateon Precautions due to COVID-19 --- Please refer to below ADVISORY TOSHIPPING No. A-19-2020:  

南美人对疫情的重视程度和我们不好比。尽管有很多防疫规定,都是给船上规定的。他们上船能做到戴口罩就是最好的遵守防疫规定了。

抵达巴拿马锚地的检查和加油等

船舶抵达抛锚后,在锚地会有巴拿马运河当局移民局、卫检官员及运河检察官canal inspector的上船检查

抛锚后不久代理就会带领巴拿马运河当局移民局官员、卫检官员几个人从小艇上船办理进港正常手续。卫检检查比较严格,核对完船员健康证和船舶卫生免除证书后就去厨房及菜库角落检查卫生及虫害情况。按他们的要求,大厨给他们临时做了早餐(他们可能一大早来,时间匆忙没有来得及吃早餐),再准备一些许招待后也不为难船上。

联检完后不久,运河检察官上船进行过运河前船舶安全检查。检察官只有一个人,上来就推销他的电话卡,20美金6GB,有效期7天。船员要的多,还价到15个美金1张,几乎每个船员都买了。可以说一半时间都在忙给船员开通电话卡,对于船舶检查也就泛泛带过。重点看了罗经差表及驾驶台操舵装置、巴拿马运河灯、有没有突出物Protrusions等情况。根据事先船上填好的SIQD及盲区距离声明BLINDDISTANCE DECLARATION FORM表格里的各项信息输入电脑系统后签发了检查证明,并给与船上一张确认书NOA(NOTICEOFACKNOWLEDGEMENT)。此确认书上注明了巴拿马运河船舶专属识别号SIN(七位数阿拉伯数字),有效期4年。

运河检察官上船的另一个重要目的是核实通航收费标准,在第二次过运河时会提供给船上运河通航收费标准证书TOLLBASIS CERTIFICATE( Thiscertifies that the above mentioned vessel has been measured inaccordance with the Rules for the Admeasurement of Vessels to AssessTolls for use of the PanamaCanal)。此证书是永久的,罗列了船舶基本参数,以便巴拿马当局以此评估结算通航费用。

锚地安排加油、上伙食及外审等

很多船舶在巴拿马运河南北口锚地加油、上伙食。锚地是开敞锚地,有时风浪较大,STS船对船帮靠加油操作。加油船缆绳带到大船缆桩上,船舶之间放置有大的防撞碰垫fender。值班船员需时刻监督加油过程,防止有燃油泄漏及设备故障发生。加油进度有点慢,加油量没有缺少。伙食通过小艇送达,供应商会把伙食分几部分用塑料纸缠绕紧凑,再用吊带连上,方便我们用船舶伙食小吊吊上船。蔬菜及肉类总体不错,但有少部分水果类口感不是太好。锚地可以安排航修及检验等事宜。我们本次安排了外审,历时几个小时,进行的也顺利。

锚地安排船员换班Crew change

Asper latest updates, crew changes movements are being available in thecountry. can coordinate the local authorities’ requests. Itis important to keep in mind that every request will beevaluated case-by-case basis. 

尽管有疫情,但也可以安排船员换班,但必须根据实际情况一事一议。

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过巴拿马运河

批准通过巴拿马运河的每日计划在定闸竞争表里Panama Canal Authority Booking Competition,优先级别根据船舶大小、船型及历史通航次数来给与奖励Slot awards(Slot awarded basis customer ranking)。把每条船安排进某天的预计通过时间段Period和预计通过的船闸匝道Slot。当然,通过拍卖优先权也可以插队Kindly take note that Canal projection waiting times can vary day by day and are subject to changes due to number of vessels arriving, weather conditions ,canal resources, vessel mix, or auctions allocated during upcoming dates, other conditions beyond our control。

巴拿马运河不长,从南面的进口浮筒到北面的防波提bn EAST BREAKWATER按规定航路航行总共大约48海里。两头分别有Bridge of the America大桥和puente del Atlantic大桥。运河里有三大船闸,分别为南部的Miraflores Locks船闸、Pedro Miguel Locks船闸和北部的 Gatun Locks船闸。其中南部的Miraflores Locks船闸和北部的 Gatun Locks船闸按单向和双向分左右两部分。一般小吨位的巴拿马船型走Miraflores Locks船闸的右边双向通道,而到了Gatun Locks船闸走左边双向通道。我轮本次就依次通过南部的Miraflores Locks船闸、Pedro Miguel Locks船闸右侧和北部的 Gatun Locks船闸左侧双向通道。

运河航道两头过船闸,而中间是淡水湖。航路曲折婉转,总体呈“S“ 型。出了船闸,一路上都是航道浮标,船舶沿着浮筒航行就可以了。航道分很多段,每段都是以Reach后缀,如Gamboa Reach、Tabemilla Reach、Gatun Reach等等十几个。沿途有山有水,绿草茵茵。船舶在平静的湖面行驶,缓缓地划过一道道波迹。来往船只距离很近,船上两边的人都能看清楚对方的脸,大家都相互挥手致意。

巴拿马运河过船闸,除了引水外还有10几个带缆工人。他们在过南北两端的船闸前面提前通过小艇上船,当一端船闸经过后就下船。带缆工分成船头和船尾前后两组,负责把在船舶前后位置的牵引绞车Locomotive钢丝绳带到船上。绞车运行在船闸轨道上,仅仅靠一个司机的操纵下跟随大船或者偶尔牵引大船。每个船闸都分为几段,当船舶进入船闸的一段后关闸注水把水位抬高,让船舶象上台阶一样逐次进入更高的船闸段,直到到达内湖的水位。所有的操作都通过船闸上的协调中心来控制,有条有序。

巴拿马运河航路尽管只有大约48海里,但运河两端过船闸费时多。进闸需控制航速在2节左右,加上每节关闸放水时间20几分钟。有时候还需要船舶带缆到岸上,在闸外口等待大船或特种船经过,穿过一次运河总共得半天多时间。

Port Clearance Remark:离港证的颁发

Atyour present Port (Before Panama Canal) you must declare your nextport of call after completion Panama Canal Transit or Local CallPurpose as a final destination due to the fact that Panama Canalis not a Terminal and Canal Authority does not issue Port Clearance.Only Port Clearance is apply at Panama if vessel will have CommercialActivities as Cargo Ops at Terminal or STS operation with othervessel. In case that the vessel or customer require Port Clearance, additional expenses will be apply and vessel must revert with extradocumentation not specified in this  pre arrival information.

巴拿马运河如果没有靠港和加油操作,仅仅是穿越的话,不需要把巴拿马运河当作前一个港口开立离港证的目的港,直接开立巴拿马运河的下一个港口作为目的港。本次我们在巴拿马加油,目的港开立的是美国卸货港,美国当地代理和巴拿马代理是同一家公司,做了相关解释才没有找麻烦。

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巴拿马运河的便利性勿容质疑,它的开通使得远洋船舶从太平洋到北美大陆东海岸的航程得以大大降低,再也不需要绕道南美大陆南端的麦哲伦海峡和德雷克海峡了。每年都有成千上万条大型船舶通过巴拿马运河,一举成就了巴拿马运河在世界航运中的不可替代作用。

巴拿马运河如此重要,当然过运河的费用也是水涨船高,船舶各项通航开支总共得20万美金左右。巴拿马有了这条漫长的淡水运河,带动了整个国家相关服务业的繁荣和滋养了沿岸无数的生命。所以说巴拿马政府和人民是躺在一座金山上也不为过吧!


远洋船长:李晓旭

2022年4月10日

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